Rust 1.0.0

* ~1500 changes, numerous bugfixes

Highlights

----------

* The vast majority of the standard library is now #[stable]. It is

no longer possible to use unstable features with a stable build of

the compiler.

* Many popular crates on [crates.io] now work on the stable release

channel.

* Arithmetic on basic integer types now [checks for overflow in debug

builds][overflow].

Language

--------

* Several [restrictions have been added to trait coherence][coh] in

order to make it easier for upstream authors to change traits

without breaking downstream code.

* Digits of binary and octal literals are [lexed more eagerly][lex] to

improve error messages and macro behavior. For example, 0b1234 is

now lexed as 0b1234 instead of two tokens, 0b1 and 234.

* Trait bounds [are always invariant][inv], eliminating the need for

the PhantomFn and MarkerTrait lang items, which have been

removed.

* ["-" is no longer a valid character in crate names][cr], the extern crate

"foo" as bar syntax has been replaced with extern crate foo as

bar, and Cargo now automatically translates "-" in package names

to underscore for the crate name.

* [Lifetime shadowing is an error][lt].

* [Send no longer implies 'static][send-rfc].

* [UFCS now supports trait-less associated paths][moar-ufcs] like

MyType::default().

* Primitive types [now have inherent methods][prim-inherent],

obviating the need for extension traits like SliceExt.

* Methods with Self: Sized in their where clause are [considered

object-safe][self-sized], allowing many extension traits like

IteratorExt to be merged into the traits they extended.

* You can now [refer to associated types][assoc-where] whose

corresponding trait bounds appear only in a where clause.

* The final bits of [OIBIT landed][oibit-final], meaning that traits

like Send and Sync are now library-defined.

* A [Reflect trait][reflect] was introduced, which means that

downcasting via the Any trait is effectively limited to concrete

types. This helps retain the potentially-important "parametricity"

property: generic code cannot behave differently for different type

arguments except in minor ways.

* The unsafe_destructor feature is now deprecated in favor of the

[new dropck][rfc769]. This change is a major reduction in unsafe

code.

Libraries

---------

* The thread_local module [has been renamed to std::thread][th].

* The methods of IteratorExt [have been moved to the Iterator

trait itself][23300].

* Several traits that implement Rust's conventions for type

conversions, AsMut, AsRef, From, and Into have been

[centralized in the std::convert module][con].

* The FromError trait [was removed in favor of From][fe].

* The basic sleep function [has moved to

std::thread::sleep_ms][slp].

* The splitn function now takes an n parameter that represents the

number of items yielded by the returned iterator [instead of the

number of 'splits'][spl].

* [On Unix, all file descriptors are CLOEXEC by default][clo].

* [Derived implementations of PartialOrd now order enums according

to their explicitly-assigned discriminants][po].

* [Methods for searching strings are generic over Patterns][pat],

implemented presently by &char, &str, FnMut(char) -> bool and

some others.

* [In method resolution, object methods are resolved before inherent

methods][meth].

* [String::from_str has been deprecated in favor of the From impl,

String::from][24517].

* [io::Error implements Sync][ios].

* [The words method on &str has been replaced with

split_whitespace][sw], to avoid answering the tricky question, 'what is

a word?'

* The new path and IO modules are complete and #[stable]. This

was the major library focus for this cycle.

* The path API was [revised][path-normalize] to normalize .,

adjusting the tradeoffs in favor of the most common usage.

* A large number of remaining APIs in std were also stabilized

during this cycle; about 75% of the non-deprecated API surface

is now stable.

* The new [string pattern API][string-pattern] landed, which makes

the string slice API much more internally consistent and flexible.

* A new set of [generic conversion traits][conversion] replaced

many existing ad hoc traits.

* Generic numeric traits were [completely removed][num-traits]. This

was made possible thanks to inherent methods for primitive types,

and the removal gives maximal flexibility for designing a numeric

hierarchy in the future.

* The Fn traits are now related via [inheritance][fn-inherit]

and provide ergonomic [blanket implementations][fn-blanket].

* The Index and IndexMut traits were changed to

[take the index by value][index-value], enabling code like

hash_map["string"] to work.

* Copy now [inherits][copy-clone] from Clone, meaning that all

Copy data is known to be Clone as well.

Misc

----

* Many errors now have extended explanations that can be accessed with

the --explain flag to rustc.

* Many new examples have been added to the standard library

documentation.

* rustdoc has received a number of improvements focused on completion

and polish.

* Metadata was tuned, shrinking binaries [by 27%][metadata-shrink].

* Much headway was made on ecosystem-wide CI, making it possible

to [compare builds for breakage][ci-compare].

[crates.io]: http://crates.io

[clo]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/24034

[coh]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/1023-rebalancing-coherence.md

[con]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/23875

[cr]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/23419

[fe]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/23879

[23300]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/23300

[inv]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/23938

[ios]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/24133

[lex]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0879-small-base-lexing.md

[lt]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/24057

[meth]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/24056

[pat]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0528-string-patterns.md

[po]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/24270

[24517]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/24517

[slp]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/23949

[spl]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0979-align-splitn-with-other-languages.md

[sw]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/1054-str-words.md

[th]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0909-move-thread-local-to-std-thread.md

[send-rfc]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0458-send-improvements.md

[moar-ufcs]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/22172

[prim-inherent]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/23104

[overflow]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0560-integer-overflow.md

[metadata-shrink]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/22971

[self-sized]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/22301

[assoc-where]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/22512

[string-pattern]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/22466

[oibit-final]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/21689

[reflect]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/23712

[conversion]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/pull/529

[num-traits]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/23549

[index-value]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/23601

[rfc769]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/pull/769

[ci-compare]: https://gist.github.com/brson/a30a77836fbec057cbee

[fn-inherit]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/23282

[fn-blanket]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/23895

[copy-clone]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/23860

[path-normalize]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/23229